RFID chips are classified by:
By power supply method
active
passive
By reading distance
up to 1 cm - Close coupled cards (ISO/IEC 10536)
up to 10 cm - Proximity cards (ISO/IEC 14443)
more than 10 cm - Vicinity cards (ISO/IEC 15693)
by operating frequency range
LF - 125 kHz, 134 kHz (EM4100 EM Microelectronic-Marin SA, HITAG)
HF - 13.56 MHz (MIFARE, I-CODE, TAG-IT, ISO14443, ISO15693, ISO18000, EPC)
UHF - 800-915 MHz, 2.4 GHz (ISO18000, EPC G1, EPC G2)
by application
for access control
biometric identification
payment cards
inventory control and logistics .....
Contactless cards with chips that comply with the ISO/IEC 14443 standard are most widely used for identifying people. This standard applies to contactless smart cards such as Mifare Ultralight (512 Bit), Mifare S50 (1K), and Mifare S70 (4K). This standard is designed for high-power, high-speed applications. They can use cryptoprocessors that provide authentication and data encryption during exchange. They are used for contactless tickets and electronic payments. They are activated at a distance of up to 10 cm from the reader.
The standard regulating the operation of Priximity identifiers at a frequency of 13.56 MHz describes the characteristics of the physical interface (part of ISO 14443-1), the signaling interface (part of ISO 14443-2), initialization and collision resolution procedures (part of ISO 14443-3), and the level of protection during data transmission (part of ISO 14443-4).
Provides a choice of several types of carrier modulation (Miller 100% ASK and Manchester OOK for type A identifiers and NRZ-L 10% ASK, BPSK for type B identifiers).
The authentication procedure and algorithms for subsequent data encryption in the radio channel are the property of Philips and are not described in international standards.
They are practically cards for storing data. The memory is divided into segments and blocks with simple mechanisms for secure access. The processor has limited data processing capabilities. They are used as an electronic wallet, for access control, for transport and social cards, tickets.
Unique identification number (UID) 4 bytes. The Mifare Standard 1K chip memory has 1024 bytes of EEPROM, 768 bytes of which are intended for direct data storage. The memory is divided into 16 sectors, 64 bytes each. A sector contains 4 blocks of 16 bytes each. Each sector is protected by two keys (called A and B) 48 bits long. This memory architecture allows the cards to be used for multiple applications. Highly secure Philips exchange protocol instead of ISO 14443-4.
Unique identification number (UID) 7 bytes. Uses the same special exchange protocol as Mifare Standard, but without protection. 512 bits (i.e. 64 bytes) of memory, divided into 16 pages of 4 bytes. The memory has a 32-bit write-once area and a 384-bit rewritable memory area. It is used for applications such as public transport fare collection, which require cheap identifiers.
Unique identification number (UID) 4 bytes. The Mifare Standard 4K chip memory has 4096 bytes of EEPROM, of which 3480 bytes are intended for direct data storage. The memory is divided into 64 sectors. 40 sectors are for various applications. 32 sectors consist of 4 blocks of 16 bytes long. 8 sectors consist of 16 blocks of 16 bytes long. 2 keys of 48 bits for accessing sector data.
These are cards with microprocessor-based cryptographic protection. Used for highly secure applications such as travel documents, passports, and bank cards. High-speed T=CL protocol according to ISO/IEC14443-4 (212/424 kbit/s)
Unique identification number (UID) 7 bytes. Specially developed by Philips on the SmartMX platform. Comes with the DESFire operating system loaded. Perform the same functions as the MIFARE Standard (4 kB divided into 16 sectors), but have a higher level of protection and data exchange speed.
The ISO/IEC 15693 standard applies to Vicinity identifiers. Designed for low-cost, low-speed applications, this standard allows for a data exchange rate of 26 kbps at a field strength of 0.15 A/m, enabling a sensing distance of up to 1 m. Standard 15693 is used in RFID for logistics and access control. The selected modulation methods for the 13.56 MHz carrier frequency allow data transfer between the reader and the identifier at a distance of up to 1.5 meters. The data transfer rate can be 6 kbps or 26 kbps. It is possible to use one or two subcarrier frequencies. The standard describes several commands required for the collision resolution procedure and mandatory for all types of identifiers, and leaves room for the manufacturer to create its own set of commands.
In addition to the unique identifier (UID), the tag may also have its own Application family identifier (AFI) and Data storage format identifier (DSFID)
The 15693 and 14443 standards use the same operating frequency of 13.56 MHz, but differ in the modulation method and the minimum reader field strength for the transponder.
Unique identification number (UID) 64 bits. Memory 1024-bit EEPROM. With the organization of 32 blocks of 4 bytes. Has a write lock and supports the anti-collision algorithm.
EPC™ - Electronic Product Code) is a unique number that identifies a specific item of trade in the supply chain. The EPC code is stored on a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag, which consists of a silicon chip and an antenna. By reading the EPC code, one can determine, for example, the origin of a trade item or its production date. The EPC is in many ways similar to the Global Trade Item Number (GTIN): it is also a key that provides access to information systems that are part of the EPC global network. The EPC was created to adapt existing numbering methods for future use. Another important aspect of the EPC is the ability to create global reference systems based on traditional computer networks. The general structure of the EPC code consists of a fixed-length header, followed by a string of numbers, the structure and purpose of which is entirely determined by the header's value. Currently, four different header types are defined, which can be followed by 96 or 64-bit identifiers of the objects being numbered.
Theoretically, it is probably possible to use EPC without RFID technology, but this is practically meaningless.
This standard is intended for product tags and consists of the following parts:
ISO/IEC 18000-1 contains general information, definitions and descriptions.
ISO/IEC 18000-2 defines protocols for frequencies below 135 kHz.
ISO/IEC 18000-3 is devoted to protocols operating at frequencies of 13.56 MHz. It is very similar in content to the ISO14443 and ISO15693 standards.
Part ISO/IEC 18000-4 describes protocols intended for a frequency of 2.45 GHz.
Part ISO/IEC 18000-6 corresponds to the frequency range of 860-960 MHz.
Part ISO/IEC 18000-7 informs about 433 MHz protocols.
For animal identification, ISO has developed standards 11784 and 11785. The EM4005/4105 chip from EM Microelectronic-Marin SA meets this standard.
A new, compatible standard, ISO 14223, is currently being developed.
ISO 18000 and EPC standards are being introduced for product labels.
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